Retrolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation: a preoperative assessment of patient function.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Retrolisthesis is relatively rare but when present has been associated with increased back pain and impaired back function. Neither the prevalence of this condition in individuals with lumbar disc herniations nor its possible relation to preoperative back pain and dysfunction has been well studied. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the prevalence of retrolisthesis (alone or in combination with other degenerative conditions) in individuals with confirmed L5-S1 disc herniation who later underwent lumbar discectomy; (2) to determine if there is any association between retrolisthesis and degenerative changes within the same vertebral motion segment; and (3) to determine the relation between retrolisthesis (alone or in combination with other degenerative conditions) and preoperative low back pain, physical function, and quality of life. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 125 individuals were identified for incorporation into this study. All patients had confirmed L5-S1 disc herniation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and later underwent L5-S1 discectomy. All patients were enrolled in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) study; data were obtained from the multi-institutional database comprised of SPORT patients from across the United States. OUTCOME MEASURES: Retrolisthesis, degenerative change on MRI, and Modic changes. METHODS: MRI scans of the lumbar spine were assessed at spinal level L5-S1 for all 125 patients. Retrolisthesis was defined as posterior subluxation of 8% or more. Disc degeneration was defined as any loss of disc signal on T2 imaging. Modic changes were graded 1 to 3 and collectively classified as vertebral endplate degenerative changes. The presence of facet arthropathy and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy was classified jointly as posterior degenerative changes. RESULTS: The overall incidence of retrolisthesis at L5-S1 in our study was 23.2%. Retrolisthesis combined with posterior degenerative changes, degenerative disc disease, or vertebral endplate changes had incidences of 4.8%, 16%, and 4.8% respectively. The prevalence of retrolisthesis did not vary by sex, age, race, smoking status, or education level when compared with individuals with normal sagittal alignment. However, individuals with retrolisthesis were more likely to be receiving workers' compensation than those without retrolisthesis. Increased age was found to be associated with individuals having vertebral endplate degenerative changes (both alone and in conjunction with retrolisthesis) and degenerative disc disease. Individuals who had retrolisthesis with concomitant vertebral endplate degenerative changes were more often smokers and had no insurance. The presence of retrolisthesis was not associated with an increased incidence of having degenerative disc disease, posterior degenerative changes, or vertebral endplate changes. No statistical significance was found between the presence of retrolisthesis on the degree of patient preoperative low back pain and physical function. Patients with degenerative disc disease were found to have increased leg pain compared with those patients without degenerative disc changes. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant relationship between retrolisthesis in patients with L5-S1 disc herniation and worse baseline pain or function. It is possible that the contribution of pain or dysfunction related to retrolisthesis was far overshadowed by the presence of symptoms caused by the concomitant disc herniation. It remains to be seen whether retrolisthesis will affect outcome after discectomy in these patients.     

血红素抑制内皮细胞损伤的形态学观察

目的 探讨血红素对人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用。方法 将培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞进行分组：对照组、损伤组、血红素组。观察各组细胞在光、电镜下形态学的改变。结果 在光镜下，血红素组细胞的生长状态明显优于损伤组；在电镜下，损伤组细胞核固缩，而血红素组细胞核幼稚，核仁明显。结论 在人脐静脉内皮细胞中，血红素对过氧化氢所造成的氧化应激损伤有明显的保护作用。     

小切口股骨近端解剖钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法小切口微创股骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折17例。结果 随访时间8个月～3年，平均1.6年，优良16例，占94%（16/17）。结论 小切口微创股骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折具有切口小、出血少等优点，是一种微创手术。     

单纯玻璃体切除术治疗细菌性眼内炎的疗效评价

目的 评估单纯行玻璃体切除术对外因性细菌性眼内炎的疗效。方法 外因性细菌性眼内炎21例(21只眼)，其中白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术后1只眼，眼球穿通伤后20只眼。均作睫状体平部三切口玻璃体切除术，晶状体混浊者一并切除，若有球内异物一并取出，伴视网膜脱离者，重水或气／液交换复位视网膜后行眼内炎光凝、长效气体或硅油填充以及巩膜环扎，术中灌注液内不加入庆大霉素，术毕不作玻璃体腔注药，术后联合抗生索和激素静脉用药。结果 炎症控制20只眼，术后矫正视力提高20只眼，有效率为80．95％。结论 玻璃体切除术对严重细菌性眼内炎而言是最重要的治疗手段。     

人工股骨头置换术治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨高龄患者非稳定性股骨转子间骨折行人工股骨头置换术的临床疗效。方法本组74例，年龄75～89岁，平均80．3岁；骨折类型按Evans分类：ⅢA型31例，ⅢB型24例，Ⅳ型19例。其中3例为经内固定治疗失败病例，合并内科疾病者69例，在相关内科协同治疗后行双极骨水泥型人工股骨头置换术，术后早期进行康复锻炼。结果74例都顺利通过手术，住院期间无死亡病例；72例获得随访，随访时间3～16个月，平均9．2个月；无一例出现畸形，髋关节功能接近或恢复到受伤前水平，生活可自理；2例于出院后5个月、11个月死于其他疾病。结论人工股骨头置换术治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折是一种效果确切的治疗方法，操作简单、创伤小、卧床时间短、并发症低、死亡率低，提高了高龄患者的生活质量。     

病例教学法在护理专业课教学中的应用

病例教学是根据教学目的和教学内容的要求,教师运用真实的病例或者经过精心设计的病例,将学生引入特定的情景中,引导学生对病例进行分析,提出问题,并解决问题的一种教学方法[1]。病例教学作为一种生动直观的教学形式[2],既能加深学生对理论知识的理解和记忆,也有利于实现教学方     

中国人手腕骨发育标准——中华05.IV.中国儿童手腕骨发育特征

目的:观察中国儿童手腕骨发育特征,为应用国外研究成果提供参考。方法:受试者为2005年骨发育调查样本2~18岁的16035名儿童。使用TW3方法评价手腕骨成熟度,与文献中的日本、欧美儿童的数据相比较。结果:中国和日本儿童的手腕骨发育特征相似。在儿童期,中国男儿童TW3-RUS和TW-腕骨成熟度延迟于欧美儿童0.3~0.6岁,女儿童在5~10岁TW3-RUS骨发育与欧美儿童非常接近;但在男12岁、女10岁以后,中国男女儿童TW-RUS骨成熟度加速而分别提前1.1~1.6岁和1.2岁。与欧美儿童相比,中国男儿童在3~10岁、女儿童在2~5岁,TW-腕骨成熟度分别延迟0.3~0.6岁和0.2~0.4岁;在男10岁和女5岁后,中国儿童TW-腕骨成熟度加速而提前,腕骨发育成熟的年龄均提前1.4岁。结论:与1970s~1990s的欧美儿童相比,中国儿童骨发育的延迟已不明显,但是青春期TW3-RUS骨发育加速提前的程度以及腕骨发育成熟年龄的提前则更加显著。     

保留盆腔植物神经对老年男性患者术后性功能及排尿功能的影响

目的:探讨保留盆腔植物神经的直肠癌手术对老年男性患者性功能及排尿功能的影响。方法:1999~2005年因直肠癌手术的170例老年男性患者分为PANP组(含规范的TME手术方法)和非PANP(TME规范情况不详),对两组术后性功能、排尿功能和局部复发率进行回顾性总结、比较。结果:PANP组性功能与排尿功能明显优于非PANP组,但统计学无显著差异(P<0.05)。而PANP组局部复发率低于非PANP组(P>0.05)。结论:老年直肠癌患者应重视性功能和排尿功能的保护。     

当归对衰老小鼠脑组织细胞凋亡及胸腺指数的影响

目的：研究当归的抗衰老作用及作用机制。方法：用D—半乳糖诱导小鼠制成衰老模型，同时给予不同剂量的当归水煎剂，观察当归对脑组织细胞凋亡及胸腺指数的影响。结果：当归能明显抑制小鼠脑组织细胞凋亡，提高胸腺指数。结论：当归具有抗衰老作用。     

英语听力训练策略使用问题探索

通过对河南中医学院2003级医学班的131名研究生的测试，探讨英语听力训练的策略问题。研究表明，有意识地恰当地使用策略能提高外语学习成绩，因此在他们之中进行了策略使用情况问卷调查，结果发现策略使用的多少与成绩之间虽不呈线性相关关系，但也有一定相关，从而断定策略的掌握会对学生产生积极的影响。然而现在的听力教材中缺少这一内容，于是笔者将其加入到课文的具体内容之中。